Global Warming Is A Serious Problem - 982 Words

Global warming is a serious problem the world faces today. Most people don’t know, or just don’t care, what global warming is and how it affects them. What causes global warming? What effect is it or will it have on my life? How can we fix it? It is not too late to save our planet but it will take some effort from everyone. The earth’s atmosphere is supposed to trap heat or the earth would freeze overnight and it would be uninhabitable. The problem is all the extra chemicals that we are putting up in the atmosphere like methane and co2. When we put all these chemicals in the air they build up in the atmosphere and trap even more heat than is needed resulting in rising temperatures. However chemicals in the air are not the only reason for climate change and the decline of our environment. Five millions gallons of toxins are dumped into the oceans every day and as a result of this and over fishing sixty present of all the big fish in the sea are gone. In the U.S. n inety five present of our old growth forests are gone(The 11th Hour). The ice caps are melting which is causing sea levels to rise. Sea levels are expected to rise between seven and twenty three inches by the end of the century and continued melting at the poles could add another four to eight inches(NationalGeographic). Almost everything we do effects our environment and atmosphere. Kenny Ausubel, founder of the Bioneers, stated â€Å"At the end of the day, when we all talk about saving the environment, in a way it’sShow MoreRelatedGlobal Warming : A Serious Problem1495 Words   |  6 Pageswas to live on. I saved my grandpa the worry of what I know is a very serious problem: Global Warming(â€Å"What’s Behind the Freakishly Warm Winter in the Eastern U.S.?†). Accordingly, there is a popular quote that frequents my Facebook newsfeed regularly: â€Å"There is no Planet B.† This would have meant nothing to me before, but taking Introduction to Environmental Issues has enlightened me on the true complexity of the global warming crisis. We have an exponentially growing human population with proportionallyRead MoreGlobal Warming Is A Serious Problem Essay1675 Words   |  7 Pagesdisappearing habitats, changing ecosystems, and acidifying oceans.† (Berger, 2015) Global warming is a serious problem for several reasons including melting glaciers, more severe storms, and the effects that it is having on our wild life/ sea life due to the greenhouse effect. We must start taking measures to help the effects of global warming. If we do not start making changes to help the issue that global warming is bringing, we will really start to regret it because we only have one earth and ifRead MoreGlobal Warming Is A Serious Problem1177 Words   |  5 PagesRecently, global warming has become a serious problem in Australia. Global warming is a naturalized phenomenon. In general, global warming always caused by the emission of carbon dioxide. Then the Earth’s surface and ocean temperature get warmer. People burn fossil fuels such as oil and coal could create greenhouse gases to the atmospheric layer. (Oxford, 2016) Both the releasing in automobile exhaust and decreasing in the forested area also can make the global warming. Hence, global warming would makeRead MoreGlobal Warming : Deforestation Is A Serious Problem1717 Words   |  7 PagesGlobal Warming: Deforestation Global warming has become a serious problem for us, and the Earth itself. Global warming is when Earth’s temperature increases, due mainly to human activity and the greenhouse effect. This is affecting our atmosphere, causing an increase in temperature. This is mostly humans’ fault since we are the ones that contribute the most to global warming. Due to overpopulation, the demand for many of the things we use everyday have increased dramatically. Factories and the burningRead MoreGlobal Warming Is A Big And Serious Life Threatening Problem1254 Words   |  6 Pagesdrought, more floods, more acidification of the oceans, more rising sea levels. - (Brainy Quotes). Global warming is a big and serious life threatening problem. Since the 1990’s Global warming’s an issue to the world because greenhouses gases such as carbon dioxide, methane and etc. has been entering our atmosphere . The past years there has been more climate changes which has come to be a pro blem as a rise in catastrophes such as hurricanes and tornadoes. People will have to come into a solutionRead MoreThe Effects Of Global Warming On The World1235 Words   |  5 Pagesmay not be feeling the effects of global warming at the moment, but in time it will become a more widespread issue. The effects of global warming are hard to refute, and there is endless evidence of this growing problem in our world today. The continuation of global warming is a serious threat to everyone and everything on Earth. Global warming has been a problem for over a hundred years, and it continues to grow every day. The first evidence of global warming was discovered in 1859 by John TyndallRead MoreCauses Of Environmental Issues1467 Words   |  6 Pagescare. However, the global issues around the world are the most serious and concerning problems. According to Globe scan, 64% out of 25,000 people said environmental issue is the most serious problem. Like other issues, environmental issue is a growing problem around the whole world. Some people know and say that humans have to save the Earth, but how many of them actually keep those rules to save it? For that reason, environmental issue is an ongoing problem, and global warming is the huge and significantRead MoreGlobal Warming : A Global Climate Change1457 Words   |  6 Pageshappened by global warming like, increasing the temperature degrees, and melting the snow mountains around the word. However, global warming has played a major role in chan ging the weather all over the world. The climate change all over the world is a proof that the weather conditions are changing. Global warming has made some of the hottest land cold now and the countries that never had a summer in millenniums are now having sunlight regularly. These are the basic changes that signify that global warmingRead MoreGlobal Warming Is the Greatest Threat to Our World Today.1206 Words   |  5 Pagesflooded; these and many more are all problems we are facing in our everyday lives due to global warming. â€Å"The warnings about global warming have been extremely clear for a long time. We are facing a global climate crisis. It is deepening. We are entering a period of consequences.† Said Al Gore in a speech at the National Sierra Club Convention in 2005. Many would agree with Gore in taking the side that global warming is the greatest threat to our world today. Global warming has a chain reaction effect, causingRead MoreClimate Warming : Global Warmi ng Essay1095 Words   |  5 PagesCurrently, the temperature of the earth’s climate system continues to rapidly increase which leads to global warming. Global warming, by definition is the â€Å"gradual increase in the overall temperature of the earth’s atmosphere generally attributed to the greenhouse effect caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons, and other pollutants†(Webster’s). There are many reasons why global warming occurs, such as human activities and the increasing of gases; for instance carbon dioxide in the

The Hunters Phantom Chapter 22 Free Essays

Elena couldn’t breathe. She could vaguely feel her mouth opening and closing, but she found she wasn’t able to say anything. Her hands and feet had gone numb. We will write a custom essay sample on The Hunters: Phantom Chapter 22 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Damon gave her an almost shy smile – which was funny, because Damon didn’t do shy – and shrugged. â€Å"Wel , princess? You wanted me to be here with you, didn’t you?† As if a rubber band holding her back had snapped, Elena leaped out of bed and hurtled into Damon’s arms. â€Å"Are you real?† she said, half sobbing. â€Å"Is this real?† She kissed him fiercely, and he met her kiss with equal fervor. He felt real, cool skin and leather, the surprising softness of his lips familiar under hers. â€Å"Here I am,† he murmured into her hair as he pul ed her close to him. â€Å"It’s real, I promise you.† Elena stepped back and smacked him hard across the face. Damon glared at her and reached up to rub his cheek. â€Å"Ouch,† he said, and then cracked a narrow, irritating smile. â€Å"I can’t say that was completely unexpected – I get slapped by women more often than you’d think possible – but not a nice welcome for the long-lost love, sweetheart.† â€Å"How could you?† Elena said, dry-eyed now and furious. â€Å"How could you, Damon? We’ve al been mourning you. Stefan’s fal ing apart. Bonnie blames herself. I†¦ I†¦ A piece of my heart died. How long have you been watching us? Didn’t you care? Was this al some kind of joke to you? Did you laugh when we cried?† Damon winced. â€Å"Darling,† he said. â€Å"My princess. Aren’t you glad to see me at al ?† â€Å"Of course I am!† said Elena indignantly. She took a breath and cooled down a little. â€Å"But, Damon, what were you thinking? We al thought you were dead! Permanently dead, not show-up-in-my-bedroom-a-few-days-laterlooking-perfectly-healthy dead! What’s going on? Did the Guardians do this? They told me they couldn’t when I begged them to, that death is permanent for a vampire once it happens.† Damon graced her with a genuine, laughing smile. â€Å"Wel , you of al people ought to know that death isn’t always permanent.† Elena shrugged and wrapped her arms around herself. â€Å"They told me that when I came back, it was different,† she said in a smal voice, her emotions zigzagging al over the place. Because you’re in shock, a tiny voice at the back of her head said wisely. â€Å"Mystical stuff, you know. My time wasn’t up. Hey!† She poked him with one finger, perking up. â€Å"Are you human now? I was human when I returned.† Damon gave a long, theatrical shudder. â€Å"God forbid. I had enough of that when that meddling kitsune made me a mortal. Thank heaven – or whoever – I don’t have to go looking for an obliging vampire princess to turn me back this time.† He grinned slyly at Elena. â€Å"I’m as bloodsucking as ever, darling.† He eyed her neck. â€Å"Speaking of which, I’m rather hungry†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Elena smacked him again, though more gently this time. â€Å"Knock it off, Damon.† â€Å"Can I sit down now?† Damon asked and, when she nodded, settled himself on the foot of her bed and drew her down to sit beside him. Elena looked searchingly into his eyes, then gently traced her hand over his sharp cheekbones, his sculpted mouth, his soft raven hair. â€Å"You were dead, Damon,† she said quietly. â€Å"I know it. I saw you die.† â€Å"Yes,† he said, and sighed. â€Å"I felt myself die. It was horribly painful and it seemed to both go on forever and be over in a few moments.† He shuddered. â€Å"There was a little bit left of me even then though† – Elena nodded – â€Å"and Stefan told me, told him, to fly away. And you held him – held me – and told me to close my eyes. And then that last little bit of me was gone, too, and even the pain was gone. And then†¦ I came back.† Damon’s dark eyes were wide with remembered wonder. â€Å"But how?† asked Elena. â€Å"Remember the star bal ?† â€Å"How could I forget? It was the root of al our problems with the kitsune. It was vaporized when I†¦ Oh, Damon, I used my Wings of Destruction on the tree on the Nether World’s moon. But they destroyed the kitsune’s star bal , too, and I had to go to the Guardians to save Fel ‘s Church. The Wings of Destruction were†¦ like nothing I’ve ever seen or felt before.† She shivered. â€Å"I’ve seen what you did to that moon,† Damon said, smiling slightly. â€Å"Would it make you feel better, my lovely angel, if you knew that using your Powers like that and destroying the star bal is what saved me?† â€Å"Don’t cal me that,† said Elena, scowling. The Guardians were the closest thing she had ever seen to real angels, and she did not have fond memories of them. â€Å"How did it save you?† â€Å"Do they explain how condensation works in modern schools?† Damon asked with the supercilious expression he always wore when he teasingly criticized her world in comparison to the one he had grown up in. â€Å"Is it al sex education, empathy, and second-rate novels now, or do they stil tel the children a little about science? I know they’ve dropped Latin and Greek in favor of theater and consciousness-raising.† His voice dripped with contempt. Elena told herself not to rise to his bait. Instead she folded her hands neatly in front of her in her lap. â€Å"I think you may be a few decades out-of-date. But please, O wise one,† she said, â€Å"assume that my education didn’t include the connection between condensation and rising from the dead, and enlighten me.† â€Å"Nice.† Damon smirked. â€Å"I like to see a young woman who is respectful of her elders and betters.† Elena cocked an eyebrow at him warningly. â€Å"Anyway,† he continued, â€Å"the liquid in the star bal , the pure magic, didn’t vanish. It’s not that easy to get rid of real y strong magic. As the atmosphere cooled, the magic turned from vapor back into liquid and fel down on me, with the rain of ash. I was soaking in pure Power for hours, gradual y being reborn.† Elena’s mouth dropped open. â€Å"Those sneaks,† she said indignantly. â€Å"The Guardians told me you were gone for good, and they took al the treasures we bribed them with, too.† She thought briefly of the one last treasure she stil had, a water bottle ful of the Water of Eternal Youth, hidden high up on the shelf in her closet, and pushed the thought away. She couldn’t even acknowledge that hidden treasure to herself for more than a moment, for fear the Guardians would realize she had it, and she couldn’t use it†¦ not yet, maybe not ever. Damon shrugged one shoulder. â€Å"They do cheat, sometimes, I hear. But it’s more likely this time that they thought they were tel ing the truth. They don’t know everything, even though they like to pretend they do. And kitsune and vampires are both a little outside their area of expertise.† He told her how he had woken, buried deep in ash and mud, clawed his way to the surface, and set off across the desolate moon, not knowing who he was or what had happened to him, and how he had almost died again, and that Sage had saved him. â€Å"And then what?† Elena asked eagerly. â€Å"How did you remember everything? How did you get back to Earth?† â€Å"Wel ,† said Damon, turning a slight, fond smile on her, â€Å"that’s a funny story.† He reached into an inner pocket of his leather jacket and pul ed out a neatly folded white linen handkerchief. Elena blinked. It looked like the same handkerchief he had given her in her dream. Damon noticed her expression and smiled more widely, as though he knew where she was recognizing it from. He unfolded it and held it out for Elena’s inspection. Cradled inside the handkerchief were two strands of hair. Very familiar hair, Elena realized. She and Bonnie had each cut off a lock of hair and placed them on Damon’s body, wanting to leave a part of themselves with him, since they couldn’t take his body off the desolate moon with them. Before her now lay a curling red lock and a waving gold one, as bright and shiny as if they had just been cut from freshly washed heads, rather than left on a world with ash fal ing al around. Damon gazed at the locks with an expression made up of tenderness and a little awe. Elena thought that she had never seen such an open, almost hopeful look from him. â€Å"The Power from the star bal saved these, too,† he said. â€Å"First they were burned almost to ash, but then they regenerated. I held them and studied them and cherished them, and you started to come back to me. Sage had given me my name, and it sounded right to me, but I couldn’t recal anything else about myself. But as I held these locks of hair, I gradual y remembered who you were, and what we had been through together, and al the things I†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He paused. â€Å"What I knew and felt about you, and then I remembered the little redbird, too, and then everything else came flooding back and I was myself again.† He glanced away and lost the sentimental look, smoothing his face into its usual cool expression, as if embarrassed, then folded the locks of hair back inside the handkerchief and tucked it careful y away into his jacket. â€Å"Wel ,† he said briskly, â€Å"then it was just a matter of having Sage lend me some clothes, fil me in on what I had missed, and give me a lift back to Fel ‘s Church. And now here I am.† â€Å"I bet he was amazed,† said Elena, â€Å"and ecstatic.† The vampire Keeper of the Gates Between Worlds was a dear friend of Damon’s, the only friend of Damon’s she knew of, other than herself. Damon’s acquaintances tended to be enemies or admirers more often than friends. â€Å"He was quite pleased,† Damon admitted. â€Å"So you just now made it back to Earth?† Damon nodded. â€Å"Wel , you’ve missed a lot here,† Elena said, launching into an explanation of the past few days, starting with Celia’s name written in blood and ending on Caleb’s hospitalization. â€Å"Wow.† Damon let out a low whistle. â€Å"But I have to assume the problem is more than my little brother acting like a madman with Caleb? Because, you know, that may be simple jealousy. Jealousy has always been Stefan’s biggest sin.† He said the last with a smug twist to his lips, and Elena elbowed him gently in the ribs. â€Å"Don’t put Stefan down,† she said reprovingly, and smiled to herself. It felt so good to be scolding Damon again. He real y was his own maddening, changeable, wonderful self again. Damon was back. Wait. Oh, no. â€Å"You’re in danger, too!† Elena gasped, remembering suddenly that he could stil be taken from her. â€Å"Your name appeared earlier, written in the weeds that were holding Meredith underwater. We didn’t know what it could mean, because we thought you were dead. But, since you’re alive, it seems you’re the next target.† She paused. â€Å"Unless fal ing through the surface of the moon was the attack on you.† â€Å"Don’t worry about me, Elena. You are probably right about the attack on the moon being my ‘accident.’ But they haven’t been very successful attempts, have they?† Damon said thoughtful y. â€Å"Almost as if whatever this is isn’t trying very hard to kil us. I have a faint inkling about what might be causing this.† â€Å"You do?† asked Elena. â€Å"Tel me.† Damon shook his head. â€Å"It’s just a glimmer right now,† he said. â€Å"Let me get some sort of confirmation.† â€Å"But Damon,† Elena pleaded, â€Å"even a glimmer is much more than the rest of us have been able to come up with. Come with me tomorrow morning and tel everyone about it, and we can al work together.† â€Å"Oh, yes,† said Damon, with a mock shudder. â€Å"You and me and Mutt and the vampire hunter, a cozy group. Plus my pious brother and the little red witch. And the old lady witch and the teacher. No, I’m going to do some more digging on my own. And what’s more, Elena,† he said, fixing her with a dark stare, â€Å"you’re not to tel anyone that I’m alive. Especial y not Stefan.† â€Å"Damon!† Elena protested. â€Å"You don’t know how absolutely devastated Stefan is, thinking you’re dead. We have to let him know you’re al right.† Damon smiled wryly. â€Å"I think there’s probably a part of Stefan that’s glad enough to have me out of the picture. He doesn’t have any reason to want me here.† Elena shook her head in furious denial, but he went on. â€Å"It’s true. But maybe it’s time for things to be different between us. To that end, I have to show him that I can change. In any case, I can’t investigate this properly if everyone knows I’m around. Keep quiet for now, Elena.† She opened her mouth to object further, but he silenced her with a quick, fierce kiss. When they broke apart, he said, â€Å"Promise me for now, and I’l promise you that as soon as I figure this out, you can announce my resurrection to the world.† Elena nodded doubtful y. â€Å"If that’s what you real y want, Damon, and you real y think it’s necessary,† she said. â€Å"But I’m not happy about it.† Damon got to his feet and patted her shoulder. â€Å"Things are going to be different now,† he said. He looked down at her, his face serious. â€Å"I’m not the same as I was, Elena.† Elena nodded again, more firmly this time. â€Å"I’l keep your secret, Damon,† she promised. Damon gave her a smal , tight smile, then took three steps toward her open window. In a moment he was gone, and a large black crow flew out into the night. How to cite The Hunters: Phantom Chapter 22, Essay examples

Sethusamudram Project Essay Example For Students

Sethusamudram Project Essay Need for Sethusamudram Project By Thirunavukkarasu. P MBA OVERVIEW India has a peninsular coast of about 7,517km length stretches from the state of Gujarat in West Coast to the state of West Bengal in East Coast and it also includes Andaman and Nicobar islands. India has 12 major ports which include Khandla, Mumbai, JNPT, Mormugao, New Mangalore, Cochin in West Coast and Tuticorin, Chennai, Ennore, Visakhapatnam, Paradeep and Kolkata and also about 183 non major ports. Coast of India does not have a continuous navigation channel connecting the east and west coasts. Currently the ships coming from west coast and countries like Pakistan, Dubai and other western countries with the destination in east coast and also other countries like Bangladesh, China and also the ships of Indian navy and Coast guards have to navigate around Srilankan Coast resulting in increase of travel distance, time and also the cost. This is due to the presence of shallow region known as Adam’s bridge, located southeast of Rameshwaram which connects the Talimannar Coast of Srilanka. A number of proposals were considered from 1860 to 2001 to cut a ship canal called Sethusamudram Canal through the Rameshwaram connecting the Gulf of Mannar with the Palk Bay. This project will develop a continuous navigable route around the Indian coast within its territorial region. The project will brief the efficiency, benefits, impacts and drawbacks of Sethusamudram Canal and its usefulness to the hinterlands. PROPOSALS OF SETHUSAMUDRAM CANAL PROJECT PROPOSALS OF SETHUSAMUDRAM CANAL PROJECT Sethusamudram canal is a 150 year dream of Tamil peoples since from the British colonial days. The Sethusamudram canal project has a chequered history. The technical and environmental studies were done before independence from the first proposal of Taylor in 1860 to Sir Robert Bristows proposal in 1922; nine proposals were considered for digging the canal. After independence six committees recommended for the Sethusamudram canal project from 1956 to 1998 which includes Ramaswami Mudaliar Committee (1956), Nagendra Singh Committee (1967), Venkateeswaran Committee (1966), Lakshminarayanan Committee (1981), Pallavan Transport Consultancy Services Report (1996) and National Environmental Research Institute (NEERI), Nagpur (1998). The committees analysed the cost and benefits of the project and they pointed out the feasibility and viability of the canal. The government verified and analysed the various proposals and reports of the project and finally announced the inauguration of the project. The alignment of the canal proposed by NEERI and Technical Feasibility Report (TFR) state that the project is feasible technically and has the potential to operate without any environmental hazard. These two reports are the one from which the current SSCP proposal draws its legitimacy. Suggested Alignments by various committees: Year| Report Name| Suggested Alignment Route| 1860| Townshend proposal| Deepen Pampan pass| 1862| Parliamentary committee proposal| Two miles east of Pamban across Rameshwaram Island| 1863| William Dennison proposal| One mile east of Parliamentary proposal across Rameshwaram Island| 1871| Stoddarts Proposal| Almost same place as Parliamentary proposal across Rameshwaram Island| 1872| Robertson proposal| One mile from Pamban| 884| John code proposal| Across Rameshwaram Island| 1903| Railway engineer proposal| Across Rameshwaram Island| 1922| Robert Bristo proposal| Across Rameshwaram Island| 1956| Ramaswami mudaliar committee| Mainland at Mandapam island| 1967| Nagendra committee report| Across Rameshwaram Island| 1981| Lakshminarayan committee report| Across Dhanuskodi Island 1 Km west of Ramar Temple| 1996| Pallavan transport consultancy repor| Revalid ated Lakshminaryan committee report. New alignment not suggested| 1996| Tuticorin port trust report| Across Pamban island East of Ramar temple| 1998| National Environmental Research Institute (NEERI)| Mid ocean passage across  Adam’s bridge| Various Alignments of Sethusamudram Ship Channel Project: The entire coastal traffic from the east coast of thecountry to the west and vice-versa has to go around Sri Lanka entailing an additionaldistance of more than 254-424 nautical miles and 21-36 hours of sailing time. The Gulf of Mannar, an inlet to the Indian Ocean between south-eastern India and western Sri Lanka, is bounded on the north-east by the island of Rameswaram, Adams Bridge and Mannar. The Gulf is about 130-275 km wide and 160 km in length. The Palk Bay on the north of Gulf of Mannar is about 64-137 km wide and 137 km long and includes many islands of Sri Lanka. Furthermore, Adams Bridge located between India and Sri Lanka separating Palk Bay and Gulf of Mannar. It is about 30 km long and the sea across this portion is shallow with a depth of about 3-3. m only during high tides. Various committees that have observed that a shorter route through the Palk Bay is an important necessity to save time and foreign exchange spent on import of fuel for Indian ships, also the country can stand to gain revenue in foreign currency due to toll collections from International ships. THE DREAM PROJECT IN REALITY THE PROJECT Sethusamudram Ship Channel Project envisages dredging of a ship channel across the Palk straits between India and Sri Lanka. The project will allow ships sailing between the east and west costs of India to have a straight passage through Indias territorial waters, instead of having to circumvent Sri Lanka. This will lead to a saving of up to 424 nautical miles (780 Km) and up to 30 hours in sailing time. Two channels will be created by dredging for the total of 20 km: * Adam’s Bridge part which is of 35km, * The Bay of Bengal (BOB) part which is of length 54. 2 km, * Apart from these two legs it also will have one more leg in the Palk Bay of length 78 km where dredging is not required (as this area has a depth of 12 m). The channel is originating from Tuticorin harbour; extend north-east up to south of Pamban Island, cut through Adams Bridge and proceeds parallel to medial line of fishing between Sri Lanka and India before joining the Bay of Bengal channel. The width of channel will vary between 200 and 500 m and will require dredging to arrive at desired depth in the Adams Bridge and Palk Bay area. The area engulfing the Adam’s Bridge known as ‘Sethusamudram’ has been derived from the Kings of Jaffna who were called as protectors of Adams Bridge and the Southern sea that surrounds the region. The Alignment of the Proposed Channel: The proposed channel on commissioning is assumed to bring plenty of prosperity and industrial growth in the Indian hinterland lying along the proposed ship channel and it is argued that the very presence of the short route would increase the turn-arounds of the coastal and international vessels. SALIENT FEATURES OF THE CANAL THE SALIENT FEATURES OF THE SSCP Table 1 Details of the project| Item| Detail| Remarks| Length| 167 Km|   | Width| 300 M| Two way channel| Depth of canal| 12 M| For ships drawing up to  9. 5 M -10 M. Capacity of ships that can use the canal| 30,000 DWT| Naval experts feel 23,000 DWT would be more realistic. | Estimated cost of project| Rs 2,233 crores| Escalation of cost likely. | Nodal agency for project| Tutcorin Port Trust|   | Project authority| Sethusamudram Corporation Ltd (SCL)| Headquarters Chennai. | Authorised capital of project| Rs 80 crores| 1. Debt: Equity –1:1. 52. Participants: The Shipping Corpo ration of India (SCI), Tuticorin Port Trust (TPT), Dredger Corporation of India (DCI) etc. | Maintenance| SCL| Requires regular dredging to keep it fit for traffic. Advantages of the project| 1. It provides a direct route between the east and west coasts of India. 2. Reduces ships sailing time by 24 to 36 hours and the distance by 400 nautical miles to Tuticorin on the East Coast. 3. Help economic development of 3 coastal districts. Provide employment opportunities help allied industrial development. 4. Help development of 15 minor ports (13 in Tamil Nadu)| 1. Avoids going round Sri Lanka as at present. 2. Requires pilotage during sailing through canal. Thus speed will be reduced increasing sailing time. 3. The Effects of HIV Mutations on the Immune System EssayIndian Meteorological Department considers the coastal stretch between Nagapattinam and Pamban as a high risk zones to the tropical cyclones. This may results in the damage of canal and also risk to the ships to pass through at the time of cyclones. RELIGIOUS ISSUES: The Sethusamudram Canal project is also facing the religious issues. The political parties and other groups are arguing that the Adam’s bridge was built by Lord Rama and they were protested against the project. The Government of India and other institutes clearly pointed out that the bridge was not a man made bridge, but the issue becomes an important political issue nowadays. SECURITY ISSUES: Now the ships of Indian Navy and coastal guards are navigating around the Sri Lanka to move from west coast to east coast or vice versa. The project holds good for the security purposes. The coastal security of Tamil Nadu gets enhanced and the Navy ships can able to navigate in the Indian territory water itself. The opening of canal may leads to the security threats because of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam as like the Somalian pirates. TECHNICAL ISSUES: The SSCP requires the advanced cranes and other materials to dredge the bridge. Also it requires barge and other materials to handle the dredged material. The advanced disposal system should be employed. There is a need for skilled labours for the successful completion of the project. SSCP-A COMPARISON WITH SUEZ CANAL AND PANAMA CANAL SSCP-A COMPARISON WITH SUEZ CANAL AND PANAMA CANAL The Sethusamudram canal is the first offshore project in the world where the Suez canal and Panama canal were the onshore projects. The Suez canal and panama canal are manmade canals which reduces the navigation distance and time. The features of the canals are: Canal| Sethu Canal| Suez Canal| Panama Canal| Length| 89km| 192km| 80km| Location| Bay of Bengal| Connects Medittaranean Sea and Red Sea| Connects atlantic ocean and pacific ocean| Country/Continent| India| Links Asia and Europe| Links South America and North America| Toll collected by| Project in progress by India| Egypt| Panama| Draught| 10. 4m| 16. 1m| 15m| Speed limit| 11-16km/hr| 8km/hr| 15km/hr| Average transit time| 4hours| 14hours| 8 to 10hours| Locks| No| No| 3locks| Length of the vessel| 215m| 68m above water level| 427m| Opened to traffic on| Process in progress| 1869| 1914| BENEFITS AND ITS USEFULNESS TO THE HINDERLANDS BENEFITS AND ITS USEFULNESS TO THE HINTERLANDS The benefits of the Sethusamudram Canal are: * There is a continuous navigation between the west coast and east coast within the Indian territory, * The navigation time and the distance gets reduced, * Ships turnaround time increases the revenue, Lead to substantial savings with reduction in maritime transportation cost, * The coastal security gets enhanced in the coastal districts of Tamil Nadu, * Coal from North India to Tamil Nadu Electricity board takes sea route, * Salt, Fish, Caustic soda now using rail which incures high cost can take sea route, * Domestic consumers will be benefited wit cheaper goods with the reduced import costs, * Coastal movement of domestic goods, * Direct and indirect employmen t opportunities, * Leads to the infra structure development. Usefulness to the Hinterland: The project leads to the development of 15 new non major ports at Cuddalore, Puducherry, Karaikal, Rameshwaram. * The backward districts of Tamil Nadu Thirunelveli, Tuticorin, Ramanathapuram will gets economically developed, * Rich resources of fish and shrimps in the area can be exported to Japan and USA through Rameshwaram port which will gets strengthened once the canal comes into existence. * Chances for new industries in the regions of Rameshwaram, Thirunelveli, Cuddalore,etc. , Developments in Tuticorin port: * Emerge as a hub port for container traffic * Enhance its share in coastal cargo traffic Augment its revenue by renderin service to the ships transiting through the channel THE SSCP-TODAY! The Sethusamudram Corporation Limited has stopped dredging works in the Adam’s bridge because of the order of Supreme Court of India. The political parties and other organisation protested against the project and they were arguing that the Adam’s bridge was built by Lord Rama. They filed case against the project. The Supreme Court had ordered the Indian Government to find the alternative route for the canal. The Supreme Court had suggested that an alternative alignment between Dhanushkodi and Lands End in Rameshwaram Island be examined for creating the channel. The Government of India constituted an expert committee under the chairmanship of R K Pachauri in July 2008 to examine the feasibility of the alternative alignment keeping in view the technical aspects, cost benefit analysis, socio-cultural and environmental impact and law and order matters. Earlier, the project was to be developed at an estimated cost of Rs 2,400 crore. But now the Ministry of Shipping is revising the cost estimates, part of which would be requested for immediately to clear dues pending to the Dredging Corporation of India (DCI). The new estimates, which would soon be sent for approval to the Public Investment Board, were likely to be revised further, depending on the alignment suggested for dredging the channel in the Pachauri Committee report. The ambitious project was planned to be funded on a debt-equity ratio of 1:1. 5. CONCLUSION CONCLUSION The Sethusamudram Canal is said to be the economic prosperity of the country. It is perceived that the development of the canal would results in the prosperity of the coastal districts of Tamil Nadu. The project enhances the coastal security of India. But the Sethusamudram Shipping Canal Projects paid the way for issues like environmental issues, ecological imbalance, Religious issues, security threats, and imbalanced economy of scale. The major drawback is that the draught resistance in the canal is 10. 4m. The reports of National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI) and Environmental Impacts Assessment reports were failed to analyse the ecological imbalance, cyclonic disturbances and also there was no clear study and survey about the location for disposing the dredged material. The reports failed to examine the precise Environmental Plan. There is a need for the concise study and survey about the project’s location and its need. The dredging methods and disposal of the dredged materials should be clearly stated. The other factors like cyclonic disturbances, marine species, turbidity, sedimentation etc. , should be clearly analysed. The project should be economically sound and viable. If it is not feasible, the same amount should be invested in the other onshore projects which could give faster return on capital and development. BIBLIOGRAPHY WEBSITE LINKS: http://Sethusamudram/sethu%20m3. htmfile http://en. wikipedia. rg/wiki/Sethusamudram_Shipping_Canal_Project http://www. southasiaanalysis. org/%5Cpapers18%5Cpaper1713. html http://www. suezcanal. gov. eg/sc. aspx? show=2 http://www. pancanal. com/eng/history/index. html http://www. thehindubusinessline. com/nic/113/index. htm http://www. indiandefencereview. com/2009/02/the-sethusamudram-ship-canal-project. html http://www. nilacharal. com/news/rajan/raj176. h tml? domains=nilacharal. comq=economic+impacts+of+sethusamudram+canalsa=Searchsitesearch=YOUR+DOMAIN+NAMEclient=pub-8260041701340977forid=1channel=6429766983 BOOKS REPORTS: The geography of Transport Systems† by Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Claude Comtois and Brain Slack. â€Å"Souvenir† The Sethusamudram Shipping canal Project by Tuticorin Port trust. â€Å"Environmental Impact Assessment for Proposed Sethusamudram Ship Channel Project† by National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur. â€Å"Sethusamudram Shipping Canal Project and the unconsidered high risk factors: Can it withstand them? † by Dr. R. Ramesh M. B. ,B. S. , Doctors for Safer Environment,Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu.